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Using a VPN is a great way to protect your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your regional files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shot's iPhone, they asked Apple to get a rear door to get past the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to create one. The FBI had to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Since the moment a back door or similar hack exists, it will become a goal, a decoration for the bad guys. It will flow sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat this past summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed that the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update thembut the poor guys can't get in either. .

All of the products in this roundup explicitly say that they have no rear door, and that is as it should be. It does mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget that the encryption password, you have lost it for good.

Back in the day, in the event that you wanted to keep a document secret you can use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you might lock it up in a safe. The two main approaches in encryption utilities parallel with these options.

One type of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. Another creates a virtual disk drive that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the digital drive, all the documents you put into it are completely inaccessible. .

Similar to the digital drive solution, some products save your encrypted data in the cloud. This approach requires extreme care, obviously. Encrypted data in the cloud has a much bigger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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That is better It really depends on how you plan to use encryption. If you are not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial provided by each one of these products to get a sense of the different options.

Once you copy a file into protected storage, or make an encrypted version of it, you absolutely need to wipe out the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you skip the Recycle Bin, since the information still exists on disk, and data recovery utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products avoid this problem by encrypting the document in location, literally overwriting it on disc with an encrypted version. It's more common, however, to offer secure deletion as an option. If you select a product that lacks this attribute, you ought to find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting data before deletion is anchor sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic recovery functions because the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the process involves nulling out the known information and reading around the edges of what is left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, picture, or other document into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back through the box, with the same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and every one the products gathered here support AES. Even those that support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you are an encryption expert, you may want another algorithm, Blowfish, possibly, or the Soviet government's GOST. For the average consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, register it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you prefer. Another is private, and needs to be closely guarded. If I want to send you a secret document, I simply encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this system in reverse, you can create a digital signature which shows that your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Exactly To encrypt it with your private key. The simple fact your public key decrypts it is all the proof you need. PKI support is less common than support for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a file with someone and your encryption tool doesn't support PKI, there are other options for sharing. Many products enable creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You could also find that the recipient can use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.